The Archive focuses on Egyptian movies from the 20th c. and studying the semiotics of how women are portrayed. For example, the scale, color, typography, relation to the man. etc was documented in website form through interactive layers.
Sample of research
A content & semiotic analysis of Women’s Health and Men’s Health in the Media.
The semiotics behind the posters Women are shown mentally drifting from the physical scene around them, while in close physical touch with a male, as though his aliveness to the surround and his readiness to cope with anything that might present itself were enough for the both of them. One way to show social weight, especially height, is done by Relative Size.
Women are mainly shown smaller than men to emphasize the gender stereotype of the subordinated feminine. Functional Ranking refers to the fact that men are shown in more controlling, executive, authoritarian or leading roles, such as businessmen or teachers. Women, in contrast, are shown more passive and subordinate. For example, as secretaries or students. “The nuclear family as a basic unit of social organization is well adapted to the requirements of pictorial representation”.
In the context of family bounding, women are often shown “more akin to their daughters … than is the case with men”. Therefore, a closer connection to childhood and femininity is signified and can lead to the assumption that women share more traits, e.g. weakness, anxiety, with girls, than men do.
Layers on webpage
The semiotics behind the posters
Women are shown mentally drifting from the physical scene around them,
while in close physical touch with a male, as though his aliveness to the
surround and his readiness to cope with anything that might present itself
were enough for the both of them. (ibid. 65)
One way to show social weight, especially height, is done by Relative Size.
Women are mainly shown smaller than men to emphasize the gender stereotype
of the subordinated feminine (ibid. 28). Functional Ranking refers
to the fact that men are shown in more controlling, executive, authoritarian
or leading roles, such as businessmen or teachers. Women, in contrast,
are shown more passive and subordinate. For example, as secretaries or
students (ibid. 32). “The nuclear family as a basic unit of social organization
is well adapted to the requirements of pictorial representation.” (ibid. 37).
In the context of family bounding, women are often shown “more akin to
their daughters … than is the case with men” (ibid. 38). Therefore a closer
connection†to†childhood†and†femininity†is†signified†and†can†lead†to†the†assumption
that women share more traits, e.g. weakness, anxiety, with girls,
than†men†doÆEven†though†Goffman†findings†still†exist†in†contemporary†media,
advertising companies respond to social developments and are trying
to show women in positions of authority or dominance as well as men in
traditionally female roles e.g. cooking, cleaning (Carroll 613).
During the 19th century, gender was
not†specifiedƆGender†concepts†develop
out of social patterning and unconscious
feelingsƆNot†out†of†nature†or†a
given†factƆSexual†difference†remained
biological†and†basic†survivalÆ
Some people believe, that personality and behavioral differences are based
on biological differences and therefore determine the gender of a person.
But†gender†is†“a†socially†constructed†definition†created†through†the†various
networks of forces that intersect around us” (Campbell, Kean 217). This
may include “socialization practices, social rewards, status variables and
observer expectations” (Basow 2). They highly depend and differ according
to culture dings .e.g. social institutions, establishing a “gender belief
system that is established throughout society for many years” (ibid. 3)
The perfect female has to be good looking, youthful
and seductive. Advertisers use images of desirable
beauties†to†create†anxiety†among†women†not†fitting
beauty ideals of society, especially men.
The solution is of course the product that needs to be purchased. “Generally,
for a woman, physical appearance is much more important than her
status or achievements.” (ibid. 70). Even though body image is also important
for men, they are more concerned about personal hygiene, e.g. sweat,
body odor (ibid. 70). But the rise of muscular men, who can be found in
advertisements for almost every product group, men are more concerned
appearance than in previous generations.
We can “differentiate between an individual’s biological sex and the culturally-
taught manifestation of that sex, one’s gender.” (Rundstrom Williams
28). According to sex differentiation, people are labeled male or female
depending on their genes and sex organs. Gender, in contrast, refers to
“one’s subjective feelings of maleness or femaleness” (Basow 2), creating
gender identity and “may also refer to society’s evaluation of behavior as
masculine or feminine (gender role)” (ibid. 2).
Some people believe, that personality and behavioral differences are based
on biological differences and therefore determine the gender of a person.
But†gender†is†“a†socially†constructed†definition†created†through†the†various
networks of forces that intersect around us” (Campbell, Kean 217). This
may include “socialization practices, social rewards, status variables and
observer expectations” (Basow 2). They highly depend and differ according
to cultural or social surroundings e.g. social institutions, establishing
a “gender belief system” (ibid. 3) in which different characteristics, traits,
habits of and beliefs about females or males are attached to femininity and
masculinity. “Two fundamental aspects of a gender belief system are the
culture’s of women and men and the roles assigned to women and men.”
(ibid. 3). Thus leading to gender stereotypes, i.e. “strongly held overgeneralization
about people in some designated category.” (ibid. 3) that may include
oversimplification†and†are†®not†always©†true†for†every†single†member
of a group. Goffman (1979) developed six categories of gender display: the
Feminine Touch, the Ritualization of Subordination, Licensed Withdrawal,
Relative Size, Functional Ranking and the Family. These categories shall
now†be†summarizedƆEven†though†Goffman†findings†still†exist†in†contemporary
media, advertising companies respond to social developments and
are trying to show women in positions of authority or dominance as well as
men in traditionally female roles e.g. cooking, cleaning (Carroll 613).